Historical species occurrence data come from three principal sources:

Museum Collections
Private Collections
Published Literature

Intertidal Surveys of Selected Localities

Museum collections are the primary data sources for this project. For intertidal species of California, these records go back well over a century and represent the first natural history survey of the State. Natural history institutions from which we are gathering data are:

The California Academy of Sciences (CAS)
The Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACMNH)
The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH)
The San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNMH)
The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH)
The Scripps Institution of Oceanography Benthic Invertebrate Collection (SIO-BIC)
The University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP)

Privately held collections contain extremely important records of species occurrences in Southern California. We are very grateful to the following individuals for providing us access to their collections:

Carole and Jules Hertz

Published literature (including dissertations and government and technical reports) sometimes record relevant information on species occurrences over time at various localities. The following published documents have been used in the compilation of the CBRISC database.

Ambrose, R. F., J. M. Engle, et al. (1995). Rocky intertidal and subtidal resources: Santa Barbara County Mainland. Santa Barbara, Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Los Angeles Marine Science Institute, Santa Barbara.

Barry, J. P. (1988). Pattern and process: Patch dynamics in a rocky intertidal community in southern California. Oceanography. San Diego, University of California, San Diego.

Bishop, S. J. and M. J. Bishop (1971). Note on the occurrence of Bittium quadrifilatum (Carpenter, 1864) in Mission Bay. The Festivus 2(8): 5.

Bishop, M. J. and S. J. Bishop (1973). A census of marine prosobranch gastropods at San Diego, California. The Veliger 16(2): 143-152.

Bishop, M. J. and S. J. Bishop (1973). Associations of molluscs and marine plants at San Diego, California. Journal of Conchology 28: 43-54.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). California marine waters Areas of special biological significance. San Diego County, State Water Resources Control Board Division of Planning and Research Surveillance and Monitoring Section: i-x, 1-68.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1979). California marine waters Areas of special biological significance. San Diego - La Jolla Ecological Reserve, California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Planning and Research Surveillance and Monitoring Section.

California State Water Resources Control Board (1980). California marine waters Areas of special biological significance. San Diego, California State Water Resources Control Board Surveillance and Monitoring Section.

Dall, W. H. (1897). Report on the mollusks collected by the international boundary commission of the United States and Mexico, 1892-1894. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 19(1111): 333-379.

Daly, G. P. (1975). Growth and reproduction in the marine limpet Lottia gigantea (Gray) (Acmaeidae). Biology. San Diego, San Diego State University: 115.

Doyle, R. F. (1985). Biogeographical studies of rocky shores near Point Conception, California. Biology. Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara: 275.

Engle, J. M. and G. E. Davis (2000). Baseline surveys of rocky intertidal ecological resources at Point Loma, San Diego. Sacramento, U.S. Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Command Department of Defense Legacy Program.

Fletcher, H. and C. L. J. Frid (1996). Impact and management of visitor pressure on rocky intertidal algal communities. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 6(4): 287-297.

Gunnill, F. C. (1979). The effect of host distribution on the faunas inhabiting an intertidal alga. Oceanography. San Diego, University of California, San Diego.

Hanselman, G. A. (1984). An important new chiton publication. The Festivus 16(3): 35.

Hertz, J. (1974). Mollusks of Quivira Basin. The Festivus 5(2): 94-95.

Hertz, C. M. (1975). Finding Haminoea virescens intertidally. The Festivus 6(3): 17.

Hertz, J. (1975). Finding Mitromorpha carpenteri in San Diego. The Festivus 6(2): 9.

Hertz, C. M. (1978). Range extension for Tegula pulligo---rediscovered. The Festivus 10(7): 51-54.

Hertz, C. M., B. W. Myers, et al. (1982). The distribution of Diplodonta orbellus (Gould, 1851) and a diagnosis of Diplodonta subquadrata (Carpenter, 1856) (Bivalvia: Ungulinidae). The Festivus 14(7): 76-87.

Hertz, C. M. (1984). Field observations on Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1893. The Festivus 16(3): 34.

Hertz, C. M. (1989). Mitrella aurantiaca found intertidally at Solana Beach, California. The Festivus 21(11): 106.

Hertz, J. and C. M. Hertz (1992). Unusual finds at Mission Bay, San Diego. The Festivus 24(6): 61-62.

Hertz, C. M. and C. Skoglund (1992). Pseudochama granti Strong, 1934, a valid species. The Festivus 24(1): 8-15.

Hertz, J. (1995). Acanthina lugubris found again in San Diego. The Festivus 27(9): 110.

Human, V. L. (1972). The marine Mollusca of Newport Bay, California. The Tabulata 5(4): 10-12, 23.

Human, V. L. (1973). Marine Mollusca in kelp holdfasts at Paradise Cove, California. The Tabulata 6(3): 12-15, 21-23.

Kelsey, F. W. (1907). Mollusks and brachiopods collected in San Diego, California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 1(2): 31-60.

Keough, M. J. and G. P. Quinn (1998). Effects of periodic disturbances from trampling on rocky intertidal algal beds. Ecological Applications 8(1): 141-161.

MacGinitie, G. E. and N. L. MacGinitie (1969). A report on Mugu Lagoon. The Tabulata 2(4): 15-24.

Martin, C. L. (1970). Notes on Olivella baetica Carpenter. The Festivus 1(10): 5.

Morrison, R. L. (1930). A study of molluscs found at Mission Bay, San Diego, California. Zoology. San Diego, University of Southern California.

Murray, S. N., T. G. Denis, et al. (1999). Human visitation and the frequency and potential effects of collecting on rocky intertidal populations in southern California marine reserves. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports 40: 100-106.

Negus, R. (1993). Dwarfism and melanism in Pteropurpura trialata (Sowerby, 1834) at Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Carlsbad, California. The Festivus 25(6): 53-56.

Newton, L. C., E. V. H. Parkes, et al. (1993). The effects of shell collecting on the abundance of gastropods on Tanzanian shores. Biological Conservation 63(3): 241-245.

Orcutt, C. R. (1885). Notes on the mollusks of the vicinity of San Diego, Cal., and Todos Santos Bay, Lower California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 8: 534-552.

Pombo, O. A. and A. Escofet (1996). Effect of exploitation on the limpet Lottia gigantea: A field study in Baja California (Mexico) and California (U.S.A.). Pacific Science 50(4): 393-403.

Rader, W. L. (1998). Faunal list of shelled marine mollusks inhabiting the northern jetty, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles County, California. The Festivus 30(10): 105-112.

Radwin, G. E. (1974). Acanthina lugubris reappears in San Diego. The Festivus 5(6): 114.

Rieger, J. P. and R. M. Beauchamp (1975). An inventory and survey of the marine and terrestrial biological resources of Mission Bay Park. San Diego, Park and Recreation Department.

Riffle, L. (1971). A survey of the Carpinteria Marsh. The Tabulata 4(1): 14-18.

Schiel, D. R. and D. I. Taylor (1999). Effects of trampling on a rocky intertidal algal assemblage in southern New Zealand. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 235(2): 213-235.

Seapy, R. R. and M. M. Littler (1993). Rocky intertidal macroinvertebrates of the southern California bight: an overview and checklist. Third California Islands Symposium: Recent Advances in Research on the California Islands. F. G. Hochberg. Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: 293-322.

Smith, A. G. (1917). A short list of the Mollusca collected at White's Point, Calif., by Allyn G. Smith, August 14-18,1916. Lorquinia 1(9): 65-68.

Stimson, J. S. (1968). The population ecology of the limpets Lottia gigantea (Gray) and several species of Acmaea (Eschsoltz) coexisting on an intertidal shore. Biology. Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Williamson, M. B. (1892). An annotated list of the shells of San Pedro Bay and vicinity, with a description of two new species by W.H. Dall. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 15(898): 179-220.

Yates, L. G. (1890). The Mollusca of Santa Barbara County, California. Bulletin of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 1(2): 37-45.

Zedler, J. B. (1976). Ecological resource inventory of the Cabrillo National Monument intertidal zone. San Diego, U.S. Department of Interior National Park Service.

Zedler, J. B. (1978). Public use effects in the Cabrillo National Monument intertidal zone. San Diego, U.S. Department of Interior National Park Service.

Intertidal surveys are being conducted at a number of rocky intertidal sites throughout Southern California to establish the present day patterns of occurrences of species. Since our aim is to quantify the effects of anthropogenic disturbances, the surveys will include sites that have minimal human impacts, those that have moderate impacts, and those that are heavily impacted. The first category will include those marine reserves that are well protected (e.g. the human exclusion reserve in Cabrillo National Monument, San Diego), and sites on the Channel Islands that are generally inaccessible to the public (e.g. San Nicholas Island) or are well protected (Santa Barbara Island). The moderately impacted sites include the Scripps Intertidal Reserve and a number of California Marine Life Refuges and State Ecological Reserves in coastal San Diego, Orange, and Los Angeles counties. Even though these are designated as protected areas, most are not well policed and are known to be impacted. Finally, we will include sites that are not protected at all and suffer the heaviest impact.